Position Statement: Alcohol and Safety

Alcohol as a Cause of Violence

The link between alcohol and violence is supported by data. Experimental and laboratory meta-analyses repeatedly confirm that acute intoxication causally increases aggression and violent behavior (Bushman & Cooper, 1990; Duke et al., 2017; Chikritzhs & Livingston, 2021). In controlled experiments, a marked increase in aggression is evident starting at a dose of approximately 0.75 g/kg (Kuypers et al., 2020). For an 80 kg man, this corresponds to roughly three to four large beers—in other words, a typical evening at the pub.

Alcohol acts directly on the central nervous system. It impairs the brain's control functions, working memory, and the ability to inhibit impulsive reactions (Kilian et al., 2024; Abbey et al., 2014). According to the "alcohol myopia" model, it narrows attention to the most salient—often emotionally charged—stimuli, while the long-term consequences of actions recede into the background (Beck & Heinz, 2013). An intoxicated person is also more likely to interpret a neutral or ambiguous situation as a provocation or a threat (Kilian et al., 2024; Lau et al., 2023).

However, alcohol does not act as a universal trigger. Meta-analyses show that its effect is strongest in situations involving provocation and frustration (Ito et al., 1996; Bushman, 2002; Exum, 2006) and among individuals with high irritability, low empathy, or norms that condone aggression (Chikritzhs & Livingston, 2021; Crane et al., 2015). Cultural expectations regarding what behavior is tolerated while "under the influence" also play a role (Kilian et al., 2024). Shared risk factors explain part of the association; childhood trauma, low socioeconomic status, and mental illness contribute to both risky drinking and increased exposure to violence (Beck & Heinz, 2013; Wright et al., 2022). However, a significant causal component remains: approximately one-sixth of injuries resulting from interpersonal violence are attributable to alcohol (Kilian et al., 2024). Intoxication on the part of the victim is also associated with assault; however, this reflects a diminished ability to assess danger in time and defend oneself, rather than culpability (Chikritzhs & Livingston, 2021; Devries et al., 2014).

Alcohol and Crime

Alcohol plays the most significant role in violent crime. In a representative sample of 16,698 U.S. prisoners, intoxication was most frequently associated with homicide and physical or sexual assault. A clear dose-response relationship was also evident: the higher the level of intoxication, the greater the likelihood of a serious violent act (Felson & Staff, 2010). Canadian data showed that alcohol was attributable to 20% of violent crimes but only 7% of non-violent crimes (Young et al., 2021). In South Korea, alcohol was recorded in 64% of murders, 28% of violent acts, and 20% of rapes in 2022 (Kim et al., 2026). Regarding non-violent crime, alcohol involvement is primarily seen in cases of disorderly conduct and vandalism, and less frequently in premeditated property crimes. Direct observation of over 2,300 police interventions revealed that suspects were under the influence significantly more often than victims (McClelland & Teplin, 2001).

In the Czech Republic, 9,373 crimes—representing 12.2% of solved cases—were committed under the influence of alcohol in 2025. This figure stood at over 13% for violent crime and over 30% for violence against public officials (Police of the Czech Republic, 2026). The number of such offenses has been declining over the long term, falling from 15,466 in 2014 to 10,616 in 2023 (NMS, 2025). In 2024, courts ordered mandatory addiction treatment for alcohol dependence in 132 cases, most frequently involving individuals convicted of disorderly conduct (NMS, 2026). However, official figures likely represent a lower bound, as the police do not mandatorily record alcohol involvement. An analysis of police case files in England revealed a significantly higher proportion of alcohol-related crime than official records indicated, even outside socio-economically disadvantaged areas (Horsefield et al., 2025).

Traffic-related issues constitute a separate area of ​​concern. According to data from France, drivers under the influence of alcohol are 17.8 times more likely to cause a fatal accident, and alcohol is a contributing factor in nearly 28% of fatal crashes (Martin et al., 2017). Legal limits are most effective when combined with intensive enforcement (Hosseinichimeh et al., 2022). In the Czech Republic, drivers under the influence of alcohol cause approximately 4,500 accidents annually (NMS, 2026) and are responsible for more than half of all negligent traffic-related criminal offenses (Police of the Czech Republic, 2026).

Domestic and Intimate Partner Violence

The literature agrees that excessive drinking is a contributing factor to intimate partner violence, although it is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for it (Leonard, 2005; Leonard & Quigley, 2016). This conclusion is supported by a consensus across various types of research: meta-analyses, prospective and diary studies, laboratory experiments, and treatment studies showing that a reduction in drinking was associated with a decrease in violence (Leonard, 2005). The risk stems not from "any drinking," but rather from binge and hazardous drinking, alcohol use disorders, and frequent intoxication (O’Leary, 2008; Tanyos et al., 2026). Violent episodes are more frequent and severe in the hours following heavy drinking—typically after six or more drinks (Leonard & Quigley, 2016). The likelihood of conflict and verbal aggression increases within four hours of drinking (Wang et al., 2022), and the risk tends to be higher when both partners are drinking (Gibbs et al., 2024; Shorey et al., 2024).

Moreover, alcohol escalates violence. Victims rate alcohol-related incidents as more severe (Graham et al., 2010). Among the most antisocial offenders, alcohol often determines not whether violence occurs, but rather how severe it will be (Leonard, 2005). Intoxication impairs the ability to interpret a partner's signals and resolve conflicts, making it easier for a routine argument to escalate into aggression (Eckhardt et al., 2015). Alcohol also interacts with hostility, jealousy, and attempts to control one's partner (Rowlands, 2026). Women describe a recurring cycle—ranging from the onset of drinking to intoxication and subsequent sobering up—during which they anticipate high-risk phases and protect both themselves and their children (Gilchrist et al., 2016). The relationship is bidirectional, as experiencing violence increases the likelihood of subsequent drinking by victims (Devries et al., 2014).

In the Czech Republic, it is estimated that up to two-thirds of domestic violence cases are linked to alcohol. Approximately 32,000 households with children are exposed to alcohol-related domestic violence (NMS, 2025). In 2024, the police responded to nearly 10,000 incidents in shared residences; they classified 1,816 of these as domestic violence and issued a record number of nearly 1,500 eviction orders (Office of the Government of the Czech Republic, 2025). However, statistics do not record the role of alcohol in these cases, making it impossible to assess whether support services are addressing this factor.

Public Space and Nightlife

A second area of ​​concern is public space. According to the National Survey, 14.7% of adults suffered some form of harm due to others' drinking over the past year. 9.3% of people were harassed by an intoxicated person in a public place, 2.4% were physically assaulted, and 5.2% felt afraid of an intoxicated person—a figure that rose to 9.1% among those under the age of 25 (NMS, 2025). Australian data indicate that alcohol is a factor in roughly three-quarters of street assaults and incidents of abusive behavior. More than half of street-level offenses were linked to establishments that sell alcohol (Miller et al., 2012).

Incidents tend to be concentrated on weekend nights and along pedestrian routes in entertainment districts (Bromley & Nelson, 2002). They are typically most severe when intoxication combines with group behavior (Lantz & Wouters, 2024). A common immediate trigger for physical altercations is the ejection of troublesome patrons from an establishment (Taylor et al., 2020). The number of incidents rises with the density of such establishments: in 290 Swedish municipalities, a 10% increase in bar density led to a 0.46% rise in late-night emergency calls to the police. This effect was significantly more pronounced in poorer municipalities, where binge drinking is more prevalent (Norström et al., 2024). Even a small number of serious incidents entails high public costs; a study conducted in central Sydney estimated the cost of a single alcohol-related nighttime assault at $85,093, with 36% of that amount attributed to the justice system (Deeming & Kypri, 2021). Disturbance of nighttime quiet and a sense of danger are less quantifiable, yet equally significant for the residents of the affected neighborhoods (Foshaugen, 2025).

The Burden on Municipalities

Alcohol-related costs in Europe range from 1% to 3% of GDP—or around 2.6% when adjusted for omitted items (Manthey et al., 2021). Productivity losses account for the majority of this figure. However, for municipalities, the direct costs are the most significant: healthcare, public order, the justice system, and social services. In the Czech Republic, societal costs are estimated at CZK 50–57 billion annually (NMS, 2025), representing 0.66–1.2% of GDP (Gavurová & Tarhanicova, 2021; NMS, 2025). Law enforcement accounts for roughly 15% of these costs. Comparable countries show higher figures: 1.18% of GDP for Lithuania and 1.68% for Hungary (Liutkutė-Gumarov et al., 2025; Vitrai, 2025). Expenditure on treating illnesses linked to frequent alcohol consumption alone exceeded excise tax revenue in almost every year between 1998 and 2017 (Kukalová et al., 2021). Today, the tax generates approximately CZK 14 billion (NMS, 2025).

Regions and municipalities bear a significant portion of the local burden. The only service primarily targeting alcohol users—sobering-up stations—is funded through local budgets. In 2024, 20,900 people passed through these facilities at a cost of CZK 214 million, with 91% of clients being intoxicated by alcohol (NMS, 2025; 2026). However, payments from clients are often uncollectible. In addition, municipalities cover the costs of municipal police, cleanup operations, and night-time services. Yet, no one comprehensively tracks local government expenditures related to alcohol (NMS, 2025). A Lithuanian study—one of the most detailed in the region—notes that actual costs are higher due to a lack of data on police interventions involving intoxicated individuals and on municipal social services (Liutkutė-Gumarov et al., 2025). The same can be expected in the Czech Republic.

Alcohol thus causes society far greater harm than illegal drugs, the societal costs of which are estimated at CZK 6–7 billion annually in the Czech Republic (NMS, 2026). Globally, 99.2 million years of life lost to disease and premature death were attributed to alcohol in 2016, compared to 31.8 million for drugs (Degenhardt et al., 2018). Nevertheless, it is regulated more leniently than both tobacco and illegal substances. This disparity is political rather than epidemiological (Hawkins et al., 2016; Peacock et al., 2018).

What works

The best-supported measures are taxation, restrictions on physical availability, and marketing limitations. Public awareness campaigns alone have a significantly weaker effect (Babor et al., 2022; Anderson et al., 2009; Chisholm et al., 2018). A systematic review of 87 studies from 12 countries found that 82% of interventions limiting outlet density or operating hours led to a significant reduction in violence (Fitterer et al., 2015).

At the local level, the best results are achieved by multi-component programs that combine community coalitions, regulation of availability, and enforcement of rules (Jones et al., 2011; Eassey et al., 2024). Stockholm’s STAD program reduced police-reported violence by 29%, with coalition coordination—rather than staff training alone—being the decisive factor (Eassey et al., 2024). The Cardiff Model, in which emergency departments share anonymized assault data with the police and local authorities, captures far more incidents than police reports alone. It enables precise targeting of patrols and modifications to the nightlife environment, and has led to a reduction in both assaults and hospitalizations with minimal administrative burden (Droste et al., 2014; Taylor et al., 2016).

Conversely, training staff without accompanying checks and sanctions does not reduce the number of altercations (Brennan et al., 2011; Eassey et al., 2024). Voluntary agreements among operators fail due to inconsistent enforcement, and information campaigns have no measurable effect (Anderson et al., 2018). Sobering-up stations offer a cost-effective alternative to emergency departments, reducing healthcare expenditures (Scheuter et al., 2020). However, they only bring about long-term changes in clients' lives when they serve as a gateway to social services and treatment. The involvement of peer workers and social teams facilitates this process (Perrin et al., 2024; Day et al., 2025). In the Czech Republic, such continuity of care is systematically lacking, and a stay at a sobering-up station is not even classified as an addiction service (NMS, 2025).

Recommendations

Municipalities

Measure local impact. Data on night-time police and ambulance call-outs, noise complaints, stays at sobering-up stations, and the locations of late-night venues are sensitive indicators that respond quickly to changes. They allow measures to be targeted where the problem actually exists (Miller et al., 2012; Norström et al., 2024).

Share violence data based on the Cardiff Model. Anonymized data from emergency departments regarding the location and time of assaults capture incidents not reported to the police, enabling precise targeting of patrols and environmental interventions (Droste et al., 2014).

Combine cooperation with businesses with enforcement. Partnerships between municipalities, venue operators, and the police are effective only when staff training is accompanied by checks on sales to intoxicated persons and minors. Act No. 65/2017 Coll. provides the legal basis for penalizing violations in both areas (Eassey et al., 2024).

Regulate night-time operations where problems arise. Municipalities can use generally binding ordinances to set closing times in areas with documented public order issues (Section 10(a) of the Municipalities Act; Constitutional Court ruling Pl. ÚS 28/09). Restricting operating hours is one of the most well-evidenced measures for reducing violence (Fitterer et al., 2015).

Transform sobering-up stations into gateways to support services. Merely providing a place to sleep overnight changes nothing. A sobering-up center linked to addiction and social services reduces repeat contacts with emergency services (Perrin et al., 2024; Day et al., 2025).

State

Track the role of alcohol in cases of police-ordered eviction (removal of a perpetrator from the home) and violent crimes. Without this, it is impossible to measure the problem or evaluate the effectiveness of measures.

Integrate alcohol-related interventions into programs for perpetrators of violence and into intervention centers. Programs that overlook alcohol fail to address a component of the mechanism of violence, whereas addiction treatment reduces intimate partner violence (Leonard, 2025).

Regulate price, availability, and marketing. Indexing excise taxes, setting a minimum price per unit of alcohol, and restricting late-night sales are among the most effective harm-reduction tools (Babor et al., 2022). These are analyzed in detail in the RATIO policy paper *Alcohol Regulation* (2026).

Sources

Abbey, A., Wegner, R., Woerner, J., Pegram, S., & Pierce, J. (2014). Review of Survey and Experimental Research That Examines the Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption and Men's Sexual Aggression Perpetration. Trauma, violence & abuse, 15, 265 - 282. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838014521031
Anderson, P., Chisholm, D., & Fuhr, D. (2009). Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of policies and programmes to reduce the harm caused by alcohol. The Lancet, 373, 2234-2246. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60744-3
Anderson, P., Jané-Llopis, E., Hasan, O., & Rehm, J. (2018). City-based action to reduce harmful alcohol use: review of reviews. F1000Research, 7. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13783.1
Babor, T., Casswell, S., Graham, K., Huckle, T., Livingston, M., Rehm, J., Room, R., Rossow, I., & Sornpaisarn, B. (2022). Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity-a summary of the third edition.. Addiction, 117 12, 3024-3036. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16003
Beck, A., & Heinz, A. (2013). Alcohol-related aggression-social and neurobiological factors.. Deutsches Arzteblatt international, 110 42, 711-5. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2013.0711
Brennan, I. R., Moore, S., Byrne, E., & Murphy, S. (2011). Interventions for disorder and severe intoxication in and around licensed premises, 1989-2009.. Addiction, 106 4, 706-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03297.x
Bromley, R. D. F., & Nelson, A. L. (2002). Alcohol-related crime and disorder across urban space and time: evidence from a British city. Geoforum, 33, 239-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7185(01)00038-0
Bushman, B. (2002). Effects of alcohol on human aggression. Validity of proposed explanations.. Recent developments in alcoholism : an official publication of the American Medical Society on Alcoholism, the Research Society on Alcoholism, and the National Council on Alcoholism, 13, 227-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47141-8_13
Bushman, B., & Cooper, H. (1990). Effects of alcohol on human aggression: an integrative research review.. Psychological bulletin, 107 3, 341-54. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.3.341
Chikritzhs, T., & Livingston, M. (2021). Alcohol and the Risk of Injury. Nutrients, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082777
Chisholm, D., Moro, D., Bertram, M., Pretorius, C., Gmel, G., Shield, K., & Rehm, J. (2018). Are the "Best Buys" for Alcohol Control Still Valid? An Update on the Comparative Cost-Effectiveness of Alcohol Control Strategies at the Global Level.. Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs, 79 4, 514-522. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2018.79.514
Crane, C. A., Godleski, S. A., Przybyla, S., Schlauch, R., & Testa, M. (2015). The Proximal Effects of Acute Alcohol Consumption on Male-to-Female Aggression: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Experimental Literature. Trauma, violence & abuse, 17, 520 - 531. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838015584374
Day, E., Pechey, L., Roscoe, S., & Kelly, J. F. (2025). Recovery support services as part of the continuum of care for alcohol or drug use disorders. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 120, 1497 - 1520. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16751
Deeming, S., & Kypri, K. (2021). Costing alcohol-related assault in the night-time economy from a societal perspective: The case of Central Sydney.. Drug and alcohol review. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13242
Degenhardt, L., Charlson, F., Ferrari, A., Santomauro, D., Erskine, H., Mantilla-Herrara, A., Whiteford, H., Leung, J., Naghavi, M., Griswold, M. G., Rehm, J., Hall, W., Sartorius, B., Scott, J. G., Vollset, S., Knudsen, A., Haro, J., Patton, G., Kopec, J., . . . Vos, T. (2018). The global burden of disease attributable to alcohol and drug use in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 5, 987 - 1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30337-7
Devries, K., Child, J. C., Bacchus, L., Mak, J., Falder, G., Graham, K., Watts, C., & Heise, L. (2014). Intimate partner violence victimization and alcohol consumption in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. Addiction, 109 3, 379-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12393
Droste, N., Miller, P., & Baker, T. R. (2014). Review article: Emergency department data sharing to reduce alcohol‐related violence: A systematic review of the feasibility and effectiveness of community‐level interventions. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 26. https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.12247
Duke, A. A., Smith, K. M. Z., Oberleitner, L. M. S., Westphal, A., & McKee, S. (2017). Alcohol, Drugs, and Violence: A Meta-Meta-Analysis. Psychology of Violence, 8, 238–249. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000106
Eassey, C., Hughes, C. E., Wadds, P., De Andrade, D., & Barratt, M. (2024). A systematic review of interventions that impact alcohol and other drug-related harms in licensed entertainment settings and outdoor music festivals. Harm Reduction Journal, 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-024-00949-4
Eckhardt, C. I., Parrott, D. J., & Sprunger, J. (2015). Mechanisms of Alcohol-Facilitated Intimate Partner Violence. Violence against women, 21, 939 - 957. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215589376
Exum, M. (2006). Alcohol and aggression: An integration of findings from experimental studies.. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34, 131-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.01.008
Felson, R. B., & Staff, J. (2010). The Effects of Alcohol Intoxication on Violent Versus Other Offending. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37, 1343 - 1360. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854810382003
Fitterer, J. L., Nelson, T., & Stockwell, T. (2015). A Review of Existing Studies Reporting the Negative Effects of Alcohol Access and Positive Effects of Alcohol Control Policies on Interpersonal Violence. Frontiers in Public Health, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00253
Foshaugen, M. H. (2025). Nocturnal policing: a study of public, private and voluntary policing in the night-time economy. Policing and Society, 35, 1219 - 1234. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2025.2473584
Gavurová, B., & Tarhanicova, M. (2021). Methods for Estimating Avoidable Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094964
Gibbs, A., Mkhwanazi, S., Ramsoomar, L., Willan, S., & Jewkes, R. (2024). Couples, alcohol use and experience of intimate partner violence among young women in urban informal settlements in Durban, South Africa: A mixed methods study.. Social science & medicine, 356, 117144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117144
Gilchrist, G., Hegarty, K., Wilson, I. M., Graham, K., & Taft, A. J. (2016). Living the cycle of drinking and violence: A qualitative study of women's experience of alcohol‐related intimate partner violence. Drug and Alcohol Review, 36, 115–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12405
Graham, K., Bernards, S., Wilsnack, S., & Gmel, G. (2010). Alcohol May Not Cause Partner Violence But It Seems to Make It Worse: A Cross National Comparison of the Relationship Between Alcohol and Severity of Partner Violence. Journal of interpersonal violence, 26, 1503 - 1523. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510370596
Hawkins, B., Holden, C., Eckhardt, J., & Lee, K. (2016). Reassessing policy paradigms: A comparison of the global tobacco and alcohol industries. Global public health, 13, 1 - 19. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2016.1161815
Horsefield, O. J., Lightowlers, C., & Green, M. (2025). Drunk and disorderly data: applying natural language processing to identify alcohol-related crimes in police data. Police Practice and Research, 26, 696 - 725. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2025.2508275
Hosseinichimeh, N., Williams, R., MacDonald, R., Li, K.-G., & Vaca, F. (2022). What determines the success of states in reducing alcohol related crash fatalities? A longitudinal analysis of alcohol related crashes in the U.S. from 1985 to 2019. Accident; analysis and prevention, 174, 106730 - 106730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2022.106730
Ito, T. A., Miller, N., & Pollock, V. (1996). Alcohol and aggression: a meta-analysis on the moderating effects of inhibitory cues, triggering events, and self-focused attention.. Psychological bulletin, 120 1, 60-82. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.60
Jones, L., Hughes, K., Atkinson, A., & Bellis, M. (2011). Reducing harm in drinking environments: a systematic review of effective approaches.. Health & place, 17 2, 508-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.12.006
Kilian, C., Klinger, S., Manthey, J., Rehm, J., Huckle, T., & Probst, C. (2024). National and regional prevalence of interpersonal violence from others’ alcohol use: a systematic review and modelling study. The Lancet Regional Health - Europe, 40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.100905
Kim, A. M., Lee, J.-S., & Ryu, D. (2026). The relationship between alcohol consumption, social distancing, and crime rates: insights from the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Global Health, 16. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.16.04144
Kukalová, G., Moravec, L., & Kučírková, L. (2021). Evaluation of estimated direct health expenses on tobacco- and alcohol-related diseases in context of excise taxes revenues in the Czech Republic.. Central European journal of public health, 29 2, 143-152. https://doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a5538
Kuypers, K., Verkes, R., Van Den Brink, W., Van Amsterdam, J. V., & Ramaekers, J. (2020). Intoxicated aggression: Do alcohol and stimulants cause dose-related aggression? A review.. European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.06.001
Lantz, B., & Wouters, S. R. (2024). Are Group Settings Intoxicating? Groups, Alcohol, and the Situational Dynamics of Violence. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 52, 967 - 989. https://doi.org/10.1177/00938548241307320
Lau, G., Jia, A. Y., Kim, N., Gabbe, B., Mitra, B., Dietze, P., Reeder, S., Scott, D., & Beck, B. (2023). Prevalence of Alcohol and Other Drug Use in Patients Presenting to Hospital for Violence-Related Injuries: A Systematic Review. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 25, 306 - 326. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221150951
Leonard, K. E. (2005). Alcohol and intimate partner violence: when can we say that heavy drinking is a contributing cause of violence?. Addiction, 100 4, 422-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.00994.x
Leonard, K., & Quigley, B. (2016). Thirty years of research show alcohol to be a cause of intimate partner violence: Future research needs to identify who to treat and how to treat them.. Drug and alcohol review, 36 1, 7-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12434
Liutkutė-Gumarov, V., De Oliveira, C. D., Domeikienė, A., Galkus, L., Hassan, A. S., Lange, S., Miščikienė, L., Peištarė, B., Petkevičienė, J., Radišauskas, R., Rehm, J., Rovira, P., Tamutienė, I., Thompson, M. J., & Štelemėkas, M. (2025). The economic costs of alcohol consumption in Lithuania, 2015–20. The European Journal of Public Health, 35, 726 - 732. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaf069
Manthey, J., Hassan, S., Carr, S., Kilian, C., Kuitunen-Paul, S., & Rehm, J. (2021). What are the Economic Costs to Society Attributable to Alcohol Use? A Systematic Review and Modelling Study. Pharmacoeconomics, 39, 809 - 822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-021-01031-8
Martin, J.-L., Gadegbeku, B., Wu, D., Viallon, V., & Laumon, B. (2017). Cannabis, alcohol and fatal road accidents. PLoS ONE, 12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187320
Mcclelland, G., & Teplin, L. (2001). Alcohol Intoxication and Violent Crime: Implications for Public Health Policy. American Journal on Addictions, 10, 70-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550490150504155
Miller, P., Tindall, J., Sønderlund, A., Groombridge, D., Lecathelinais, C., Gillham, K., McFarlane, E., De Groot, F., Droste, N., Sawyer, A., Palmer, D., Warren, I., & Wiggers, J. (2012). Dealing with alcohol-related harm and the night-time economy.
Norström, T., Nilsson, T., & Svensson, J. (2024). More pubs—More problems? A longitudinal analysis of Swedish panel data. Drug and Alcohol Review, 44, 471 - 479. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13981
Národní monitorovací středisko pro drogy a závislosti [NMS]. (2025). Zpráva o alkoholu v České republice 2024. Úřad vlády ČR. https://www.drogy-info.cz/data/obj_files/35689/1353/Zpr%C3%A1va%20o%20alkoholu%20v%20%C4%8CR%202024_web250326-opr_fin02.pdf
Národní monitorovací středisko pro drogy a závislosti [NMS]. (2026). Souhrnná zpráva o závislostech v České republice 2025. Úřad vlády ČR. https://www.drogy-info.cz/data/obj_files/35885/1424/Souhrnn%C3%A1%20zpr%C3%A1va%20o%20z%C3%A1vislostech%20v%20%C4%8CR%202025_fin.pdf
O'Leary, K. (2008). Alcohol and intimate partner violence: a meta-analytic review.. Clinical psychology review, 28 7, 1222-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2008.05.001
Peacock, A., Leung, J., Larney, S., Colledge, S., Hickman, M., Rehm, J., Giovino, G., West, R., Hall, W., Griffiths, P., Ali, R., Gowing, L., Marsden, J., Ferrari, A., Grebely, J., Farrell, M., & Degenhardt, L. (2018). Global statistics on alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use: 2017 status report. Addiction, 113, 1905–1926. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14234
Perrin, S., Fillol, A., Moriceau, S., Allache, A., Serre, F., Stevens, N., Auriacombe, M., Cambon, L., & Martin-Fernandez, J. (2024). Exploring and describing alcohol harm reduction interventions: a scoping review of literature from the past decade in the western world. Harm Reduction Journal, 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-024-01105-8
Policie ČR. (2026, 2. února). „Suchej únor“ – malá změna, velký dopad. https://archiv.policie.gov.cz/clanek/suchej-unor-mala-zmena-velky-dopad.aspx
RATIO. (2026). Regulace alkoholu – policy paper. https://rationalpolicy.eu/aktuality/regulace-alkoholu-policy-paper/
Rowlands, E. (2026). The Alcohol–Jealousy–Anger Triad: Drivers of Intimate Partner Violence Against Men. Journal of Cultural Analysis and Social Change. https://doi.org/10.64753/jcasc.v11i2.4856
Scheuter, C., Rochlin, D., Lee, C.-M., Milstein, A., & Kaplan, R. (2020). Cost impact of sobering centers on national health care spending in the United States.. Translational behavioral medicine. https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibz075
Shorey, R., Dunsiger, S., & Stuart, G. L. (2024). Alcohol use as a predictor of intimate partner violence in emerging adulthood: A dyadic daily diary investigation.. Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16681
Tanyos, A., Willoughby, B., Hopkins, C., Alen, G., Jiang, H., Jenkinson, R., MacLean, S. J., & Laslett, A. (2026). Perpetrator alcohol use and intimate partner violence in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.. Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70540
Taylor, A., Boyle, A., Sutherland, A., & Giacomantonio, C. (2016). Using ambulance data to reduce community violence: critical literature review. European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 23, 248–252. https://doi.org/10.1097/mej.0000000000000351
Taylor, O., Keatley, D., & Clarke, D. (2020). A Behavior Sequence Analysis of Perceptions of Alcohol-Related Violence Surrounding Drinking Establishments. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35, 1982 - 1997. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517702490
Ústavní soud. (2010). Nález sp. zn. Pl. ÚS 28/09 (č. 368/2010 Sb.).
Úřad vlády ČR. (2025). Zpráva za rok 2024 o plnění Akčního plánu prevence domácího a genderově podmíněného násilí na léta 2023–2026. https://vlada.gov.cz/assets/ppov/rovne-prilezitosti-zen-a-muzu/dokumenty/Zprava_2024_plneni_AP_DGPN.pdf
Vitrai, J. (2025). [Quantitative analysis of Hungarian health losses caused by alcohol consumption].. Orvosi hetilap, 166 49, 1949-1955. https://doi.org/10.1556/650.2025.33429
Wang, W., Testa, M., Derrick, J. L., & Leonard, K. (2022). Do Couple Drinking Episodes Lead to Intimate Partner Aggression? An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study of Same-Sex and Mixed-Sex Couples. Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 37, 571 - 580. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000850
Wright, M., Kankkunen, P., & Jokiniemi, K. (2022). Prevention interventions for interpersonal violence occurring under the influence of alcohol: A mixed method systematic review.. Journal of advanced nursing. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15335
Young, M. M., De Moor, C., Kent, P., Stockwell, T., Sherk, A., Zhao, J.-H., Sorge, J. T., Weekes, J., Biggar, E., & Maloney-Hall, B. (2021). Attributable fractions for substance use in relation to crime. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 116, 3198 - 3205. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15494
Zákon č. 128/2000 Sb., o obcích (obecní zřízení).
Zákon č. 65/2017 Sb., o ochraně zdraví před škodlivými účinky návykových látek.
05.10.2026